The act of forging email to make messages appear as though they come from a trusted sender, tricking recipients into clicking links, opening files, or sharing sensitive information.

The process of protecting data using cryptographic techniques so that only authorized parties can read or modify it.

Biometric technology that identifies individuals based on facial features.

A system that filters and controls network traffic to reduce the risk of cyberattacks.

The standard language for structuring web pages.

A web communication protocol where HTTPS adds encryption for enhanced security.

A verification process that ensures the user is a real person, not a photo or video spoof, during identity authentication.

A device with its operating system restrictions removed to gain elevated privileges, which can compromise security protections.

A device/ tool used to copy or steal credit/debit card information during transactions.

Manipulating individuals through psychological tactics to trick them into revealing information or performing actions.

Unwanted or unsolicited messages, often used for advertising or scams.

A digital certificate issued by a Certificate Authority (CA) to verify the authenticity of a website or system.

Software that secretly monitors user activity and collects data without consent.

Malicious software that spreads and damages systems or data.